التسلط: التحدي المتزايد للمدارس

[ابوالوليد المسلم]

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[6] Paul S., Smith P. K., Blumberg H. H. (2012). Revisiting cyberbullying in schools using the quality circle approach. School Psychology International, 33(5), 492–504.



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• Ortega R., Elipe P., Mora-Merchán J. A., Calmaestra J., Vega E. (2009). The emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying and cyberbullying: A study of Spanish adolescents, Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 197–204, doi: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.197.



[8] Smith P. K., Mahdavi J., Carvalho M., Fisher S., Russell S., Tippett N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.
• Sourander A., Brunstein Klomek A., Ikonen M., Lindroos J., Luntamo T., Koskelainen M., et al. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents, A population-based study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 720–728, doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79.



[9] Cassidy W., Brown K. N., Jackson M. (2012). ‘Under the radar’: Educators and cyberbullying in schools, School Psychology International, 33(5), 520–532.
• Cassidy W., Jackson M., Brown K. N. (2009). Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying, School Psychology International, 30, 383–402, doi: 10.1177/0143034309106948.
• Li Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences, School Psychology International, 27, 157–169, doi: 10.1177/0143034306064547.



[10] Kowalski R. M., Morgan C.A., Limber S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505–519.



[11] Erdur-Baker Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools, New Media Society, 12, 109–125, doi: 10.1177/1461444809341260.
• Vandebosch H., Van Cleemput K. (2009). Cyberbullying among youngsters: profiles of bullies and victims, New Media and Society, 11, 1349–1371, doi:10.1177/1461444809341263.



[12] Monks C. P., Robinson S., Worlidge P. (2012). The emergence of cyberbullying; a survey of primary school pupils’ perceptions and experiences. School Psychology International, 33(5), 477–491.



[13] Sourander A., Brunstein Klomek A., Ikonen M., Lindroos J., Luntamo T., Koskelainen M., et al. 2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents, A population-based study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 720–728, doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79.



[14] Ortega R., Elipe P., Mora-Merchán J. A., Calmaestra J., Vega E. (2009). The emotional impact on victims of traditional bullying and cyberbullying: A study of Spanish adolescents, Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 197–204, doi: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.197.



[15] Sakellariou T., Carroll A., Houghton S. (2012). Rates of cyber victimization and bullying among male Australian primary and high school students. School Psychology International, 33(5), 533–549.



[16] Smith P. K., Mahdavi J., Carvalho M., Fisher S., Russell S., Tippett N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.
• Ybarra M., Mitchell K. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308–1316, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x.



[17] Sakellariou T., Carroll A., Houghton S. (2012). Rates of cyber victimization and bullying among male Australian primary and high school students. School Psychology International, 33(5), 533–549.



[18] Slonje R., Smith P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying?, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00611.x.



[19] Ybarra M., Mitchell K. (2004). Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A comparison of associated youth characteristics, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1308–1316, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00328.x.



[20] Li Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences, School Psychology International, 27, 157–169, doi: 10.1177/0143034306064547.
• Popović-Ćitić B., Djurić S., Cvetković V. (2011). The prevalence of cyberbullying among adolescents: A case study of middle schools in Serbia, School Psychology International, 32, 412–424, doi:10.1177/0143034311401700.



[21] Valkenburg P. M., Peter J. (2009). Social consequences of the internet for adolescents: A decade of research, Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 1–5, doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01595.x.



[22] Erdur-Baker Ö. (2010). Cyberbullying and its correlation to traditional bullying, gender and frequent and risky usage of internet-mediated communication tools, New Media Society, 12, 109–125, doi: 10.1177/1461444809341260.
• Smith P. K., Mahdavi J., Carvalho M., Fisher S., Russell S., Tippett N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.
• Vandebosch H., Van Cleemput K. (2009). Cyberbullying among youngsters: profiles of bullies and victims, New Media and Society, 11, 1349–1371, doi:10.1177/1461444809341263.



[23] Katzer C., Fetchenhauer D., Belschak F. (2009). Cyberbullying: Who are the victims?: A comparison of victimization in internet chat rooms and victimization in school, Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 21, 25–36, doi:10.1027/1864-1105.21.1.25.



[24] Kowalski R. M., Morgan C.A., Limber S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505–519.



[25] Ang R. P., Tan K. A., Talib Mansor A. (2010). Normative beliefs about aggression as a mediator of narcissistic exploitativeness and cyberbullying, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2619–2634, doi: 10.1177/0886260510388286.
• Steffgen G., König A., Pfetsch J., Melzer A. (2011). Are cyberbullies less empathic? Adolescents’ cyberbullying behavior and empathic responsiveness, Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 643–648, doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0445.



[26] Patchin J. W., Hinduja S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory, Youth Society, 43, 727–751, doi:10.1177/0044118X10366951.



[27] Perren S., Alsaker F. D. (2006). Social behavior and peer relationships of victims, bully–victims, and bullies in kindergarten, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 45–57, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01445.x.
• Von Marées N., Petermann F. (2010). Bullying in German primary schools: Gender differences, age trends and influence of parents’ migration and educational backgrounds, School Psychology International, 31, 178–198, doi:10.1177/0143034309352416.



[28] Boulton M. J., Smith P. K., Cowie H. (2010). Short-term longitudinal relationships between children’s peer victimization/bullying experiences and self-perceptions. Evidence for reciprocity, School Psychology International, 31, 296–311, doi: 10.1177/0143034310362329.



[29] Jones S. E., Manstead A. S., Livingstone A. G. (2011). Ganging up or sticking together? Group processes and children’s responses to text-message bullying, British Journal of Psychology, 102, 71–96, doi:10.1348/000712610X502826.



[30] Parris L., Varjas K., Meyers J., Cutts H. (2011). High school students’ perceptions of coping with cyberbullying. Youth Society. doi: 10.1177/0044118X11398881.
• Skrzypiec G., Slee P., Murray-Harvey R., Pereira B. (2010). School bullying by one or more ways: Does it matter and how do students cope, School Psychology International, 32, 288–311, doi:10.1177/0143034311402308.



[31] Bauman S. (2010). Cyberbullying in a rural intermediate school: An exploratory study, The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 803– 833, doi: 10.1177/0272431609350927.



[32] Kowalski R. M., Limber S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students, Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 22–30, doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.017.
• Smith P. K., Mahdavi J., Carvalho M., Fisher S., Russell S., Tippett N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.



[33] Spears B., Slee P., Owens L., Johnson B. (2009). Behind the scenes and screens: Insights into the human dimension of covert and cyberbullying, Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217, 189–196, doi: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.189.



[34] Bauman S. (2010). Cyberbullying in a rural intermediate school: An exploratory study, The Journal of Early Adolescence, 30, 803– 833, doi: 10.1177/0272431609350927.
• Boulton M. J., Smith P. K., Cowie H. (2010). Short-term longitudinal relationships between children’s peer victimization/bullying experiences and self-perceptions. Evidence for reciprocity, School Psychology International, 31, 296–311, doi: 10.1177/0143034310362329.
• Spears B., Slee P., Owens L., Johnson B. (2009). Behind the scenes and screens: Insights into the human dimension of covert and cyberbullying, Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217, 189–196, doi: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.189.



[35] Monks C. P., Robinson S., Worlidge P. (2012). The emergence of cyberbullying; a survey of primary school pupils’ perceptions and experiences. School Psychology International, 33(5), 477–491.



[36] Sourander A., Brunstein Klomek A., Ikonen M., Lindroos J., Luntamo T., Koskelainen M., et al. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents, A population-based study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 720–728, doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79.



[37] Patchin J. W., Hinduja S. (2010a). Cyberbullying and self-esteem, Journal of School Health, 80, 614–21, doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x.
• Patchin J. W., Hinduja S. (2010b). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide, Archives of Suicide Research, 14, 206–21, doi:10.1080/13811118.2010.494133.



[38] Gradinger P., Strohmeier D., Spiel C. (2009). Traditional bullying and cyberbullying: Identification of risk groups for adjustment problems, Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 205–213, doi: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.205.
• Sourander A., Brunstein Klomek A., Ikonen M., Lindroos J., Luntamo T., Koskelainen M., et al. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents, A population-based study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 720–728, doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79.



[39] Spears B., Slee P., Owens L., Johnson B. (2009). Behind the scenes and screens: Insights into the human dimension of covert and cyberbullying, Zeitschrift für Psychologie / Journal of Psychology, 217, 189–196, doi: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.189.



[40] Wolak J., Mitchell K. J., Finkelhor D. (2007). Does online harassment constitute bullying? An exploration of online harassment by known peers and online-only contacts, Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S.51–S58, doi: 10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.182.
• Parris L., Varjas K., Meyers J., Cutts H. (2011). High school students’ perceptions of coping with cyberbullying. Youth Society. doi: 10.1177/0044118X11398881.



[41] Tenenbaum L. S., Varjas K., Meyers J., Parris L. (2011). Coping strategies and perceived effectiveness in fourth through eighth grade victims of bullying, School Psychology International, 32, 263–287, doi: 10.1177/0143034311402309.



[42] Petermann F., Petermann U. (2011). Prävention (Prevention), Kindheit und Entwicklung, 20, 197–200, doi:10.1026/0942-5403/a.0000556.



[43] Patchin J. W., Hinduja S. (2010a). Cyberbullying and self-esteem, Journal of School Health, 80, 614–21, doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00548.x.



[44] Ang R. P., Tan K. A., Talib Mansor A. (2010). Normative beliefs about aggression as a mediator of narcissistic exploitativeness and cyberbullying, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 2619–2634, doi: 10.1177/0886260510388286.



[45] Patchin J. W., Hinduja S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory, Youth Society, 43, 727–751, doi:10.1177/0044118X10366951.



[46] Parris L., Varjas K., Meyers J., Cutts H. (2011). High school students’ perceptions of coping with cyberbullying. Youth Society. doi: 10.1177/0044118X11398881.
• Tenenbaum L. S., Varjas K., Meyers J., Parris L. (2011). Coping strategies and perceived effectiveness in fourth through eighth grade victims of bullying, School Psychology International, 32, 263–287, doi: 10.1177/0143034311402309.



[47] Patchin J. W., Hinduja S. (2011). Traditional and nontraditional bullying among youth: A test of general strain theory, Youth Society, 43, 727–751, doi:10.1177/0044118X10366951.
• Paul S., Smith P. K., Blumberg H. H. (2012). Revisiting cyberbullying in schools using the quality circle approach. School Psychology International, 33(5), 492–504.



[48] Smith P. K., Mahdavi J., Carvalho M., Fisher S., Russell S., Tippett N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385, doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01846.x.



[49] Jäger T., Amado J., Matos A., Pessoa T. (2010). Analysis of experts’ and trainers’ views on cyberbullying, Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20, 169–181, doi:10.1375/ajgc.20.2.169.



[50] Cassidy W., Brown K. N., Jackson M. (2012). ‘Under the radar’: Educators and cyberbullying in schools, School Psychology International, 33(5), 520–532.



[51] Cassidy W., Jackson M., Brown K. N. (2009). Sticks and stones can break my bones, but how can pixels hurt me?: Students’ experiences with cyber-bullying, School Psychology International, 30, 383–402, doi: 10.1177/0143034309106948.



[52] Paul S., Smith P. K., Blumberg H. H. (2012). Revisiting cyberbullying in schools using the quality circle approach. School Psychology International, 33(5), 492–504.



[53] Kowalski R. M., Morgan C.A., Limber S. P. (2012). Traditional bullying as a potential warning sign of cyberbullying. School Psychology International, 33(5), 505–519.
• Sourander A., Brunstein Klomek A., Ikonen M., Lindroos J., Luntamo T., Koskelainen M., et al. (2010). Psychosocial risk factors associated with cyberbullying among adolescents, A population-based study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67, 720–728, doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.79.

[54] Englander E. K. (2012). Spinning our wheels: Improving our ability to respond to bullying and cyberbullying, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21, 43–55, doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.08.013.

• Olweus D., Limber S. P. (2010). Bullying in school: Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 124–134, doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01015.x.